{"query": "Language as a tree — the method biology and linguistics shar", "count": 20, "results": [{"id": "card_n_bc8d104f3593", "title": "Language as a tree — the method biology and linguistics share", "shelf": "science", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "Darwin himself drew the parallel: languages branch like species. And the SAME mathematics\ncounts both — for n languages OR n genes, the number of possible rooted binary trees is the\ndouble factorial ("}, {"id": "card_n_dcb1a67c26e8", "title": "The evolution of language — descent traced by regular law", "shelf": "science", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "Languages descend like living lineages, and the descent is RECOVERABLE — the comparative\nmethod is one of the humanities' deterministic sciences. English 'father' descends from\nProto-Indo-European *ph"}, {"id": "card_n_600ccc86ead6", "title": "Easton: Canaan, the language of", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "Mentioned in Isa. 19:18, denotes the language spoken by the Jews resident in Palestine. The language of the Canaanites and of the Hebrews was substantially the same. This is seen from the fragments of"}, {"id": "card_n_770170ab1111", "title": "The linguistic clock — the comparative method dates the dispersal", "shelf": "science", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "The same history is written in the words. The comparative method reconstructs ancestral\ntongues from their daughters (sealed in the language-evolution wing), and glottochronology's\nexponential vocabul"}, {"id": "card_n_13147996cd2f", "title": "Proto-Indo-European — the reconstructed mother tongue", "shelf": "science", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "Roughly half of humanity speaks a descendant — English, Spanish, Hindi, Russian, Persian,\nand hundreds more. Yet PIE was never written: it is RECONSTRUCTED, every form marked with a *\nto say 'inferred"}, {"id": "card_n_8032ca300afc", "title": "Easton: Chaldee language", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "Employed by the sacred writers in certain portions of the Old Testament, viz., Dan. 2:4-7, 28; Ezra 4:8-6:18; 7:12-26; Gen. 31:46; Jer. 10:11. It is the Aramaic dialect, as it is sometimes called, as "}, {"id": "card_n_4150298825ee", "title": "Easton: Hebrew language", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "The language of the Hebrew nation, and that in which the Old Testament is written, with the exception of a few portions in Chaldee. In the Old Testament it is only spoken of as “Jewish” (2 Kings 18:26"}, {"id": "card_n_d8471389950e", "title": "Tracing the peoples — genes and words, two clocks reading one history", "shelf": "science", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "A people can be traced across DISTANCE and TIME by two records that survive in the body and\nin the mouth: the genome and the language. They are the same method — a molecular clock ticking,\na tree bran"}, {"id": "card_n_8c107f598c19", "title": "Easton: Fig", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "First mentioned in Gen. 3:7. The fig-tree is mentioned (Deut. 8:8) as one of the valuable products of Palestine. It was a sign of peace and prosperity (1 Kings 4:25; Micah 4:4; Zech. 3:10). Figs were "}, {"id": "card_n_247becdb1217", "title": "Pirkei Avot §avot_06_01: The sages taught in the language of the Mishnah.", "shelf": "classics", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "The sages taught in the language of the Mishnah. Blessed be He who chose them and their teaching. Rabbi Meir said: Whoever occupies himself with the Torah for its own sake, merits many things; not onl"}, {"id": "card_n_c860098c7eae", "title": "Easton: Olive-tree", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "Is frequently mentioned in Scripture. The dove from the ark brought an olive-branch to Noah (Gen. 8:11). It is mentioned among the most notable trees of Palestine, where it was cultivated long before "}, {"id": "card_n_2c315f94ee67", "title": "Easton: Fir", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "The uniform rendering in the Authorized Version (marg. R.V., “cypress”) of berosh (2 Sam. 6:5; 1 Kings 5:8, 10; 6:15, 34; 9:11, etc.), a lofty tree (Isa. 55:13) growing on Lebanon (37:24). Its wood wa"}, {"id": "card_n_60b0e3e89d33", "title": "Easton: Teil tree", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "(an old name for the lime-tree, the tilia), Isa. 6:13, the terebinth, or turpentine-tree, the Pistacia terebinthus of botanists. The Hebrew word here used (elah) is rendered oak (q.v.) in Gen. 35:4; J"}, {"id": "card_n_3fb94a85bd2c", "title": "Easton: Palm tree", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "(Heb. tamar), the date-palm characteristic of Palestine. It is described as “flourishing” (Ps. 92:12), tall (Cant. 7:7), “upright” (Jer. 10:5). Its branches are a symbol of victory (Rev. 7:9). “Rising"}, {"id": "card_n_f0a1c95e9029", "title": "Easton: Sycamore", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "More properly sycomore (Heb. shikmoth and shikmim, Gr. sycomoros), a tree which in its general character resembles the fig-tree, while its leaves resemble those of the mulberry; hence it is called the"}, {"id": "card_n_d6c43e1e28c4", "title": "Easton: Husk", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "In Num. 6:4 (Heb. zag) it means the “skin” of a grape. In 2 Kings 4:42 (Heb. tsiqlon) it means a “sack” for grain, as rendered in the Revised Version. In Luke 15:16, in the parable of the Prodigal Son"}, {"id": "card_n_65f10f7bb30e", "title": "Easton: Cypress", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "(Heb. tirzah, “hardness”), mentioned only in Isa. 44:14 (R.V., “holm tree”). The oldest Latin version translates this word by ilex, i.e., the evergreen oak, which may possibly have been the tree inten"}, {"id": "card_n_d8610d9ae8d6", "title": "Easton: Shittah-tree", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "(Isa. 41:19; R.V., “acacia tree”). Shittah wood was employed in making the various parts of the tabernacle in the wilderness, and must therefore have been indigenous in the desert in which the Israeli"}, {"id": "card_n_e1972a6f765f", "title": "Easton: Job, Book of", "shelf": "dictionary", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "A great diversity of opinion exists as to the authorship of this book. From internal evidence, such as the similarity of sentiment and language to those in the Psalms and Proverbs (see Ps. 88 and 89),"}, {"id": "card_n_3bf9fc4ff957", "title": "Toki Pona — a whole language from 120 words", "shelf": "science", "surface": "secular", "snippet": "Sonja Lang's minimalist tongue (2001): 14 phonemes (9 consonants + 5 vowels), a strict\n(C)V(n) syllable shape (~100 raw slots before its bans on ti/wu/wo/ji), and about 120 core\nwords. From that near-"}]}