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Explain Newton's second law as you would to a capable student, in 3-4 sentences.

Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass, expressed as F = ma. This means that pushing harder on an object makes it accelerate more, while heavier objects require more force to achieve the same acceleration. The law essentially tells us that forces cause changes in motion—without a net force, an object will maintain constant velocity. It's one of the most fundamental principles in physics, allowing us to predict exactly how objects will move when forces act upon them.