gen-define-redundancy-and-parity-and-give-one-short-worked-examp-7246

Define redundancy and parity and give one short worked example.

# Redundancy and Parity ## Redundancy **Redundancy** is the inclusion of extra bits in data transmission or storage that are not part of the original message. These additional bits help detect or correct errors that may occur during transmission or storage. ## Parity **Parity** is a simple error-detection technique that adds one redundant bit to make the total number of 1s in a data unit either even (even parity) or odd (odd parity). --- ## Worked Example: Even Parity **Original data:** `1011010` (7 bits) **Step 1:** Count the number of 1s - There are four 1s in the data **Step 2:** Add parity bit - Since we're using **even parity** and already have an even number of 1s (4), we add a **0** **Transmitted data:** `1011010**0**` (8 bits) **Verification at receiver:** - Count all 1s including parity bit: 4 (even) ✓ - No error detected **If an error occurred:** `1011**1**100` - Count 1s: 5 (odd) ✗ - Error detected! (though we don't know which bit is wrong) --- **Note:** Parity can detect single-bit errors but cannot correct them or detect even numbers of errors.