gen-define-polarization-of-light-and-give-one-short-worked-examp-efd8

Define polarization of light and give one short worked example.

# Polarization of Light **Definition:** Polarization of light refers to the orientation of the oscillations of the electric field vector in an electromagnetic wave. In unpolarized light, the electric field oscillates randomly in all directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation. In polarized light, the electric field oscillates in a specific direction or pattern. ## Types of Polarization: - **Linear (plane) polarization**: Electric field oscillates in one plane - **Circular polarization**: Electric field rotates in a circle - **Elliptical polarization**: Electric field traces an ellipse --- ## Worked Example: Malus's Law **Problem:** Unpolarized light with intensity I₀ = 100 W/m² passes through two polarizing filters. The first filter has its transmission axis vertical. The second filter's axis makes an angle of 60° with the vertical. What is the final intensity of the transmitted light? **Solution:** **Step 1:** After the first polarizer, unpolarized light becomes polarized with intensity: $$I_1 = \frac{I_0}{2} = \frac{100}{2} = 50 \text{ W/m}^2$$ **Step 2:** Apply Malus's Law for the second polarizer: $$I_2 = I_1 \cos^2\theta$$ where θ = 60° $$I_2 = 50 \times \cos^2(60°) = 50 \times (0.5)^2 = 50 \times 0.25 = 12.5 \text{ W/m}^2$$ **Answer:** The final transmitted intensity is **12.5 W/m²**