{"id": "card_n_f00b6c917f5c", "kind": "note", "title": "Easton: Tubal", "body": "(1.) The fifth son of Japheth (Gen. 10:2). (2.) A nation, probably descended from the son of Japheth. It is mentioned by Isaiah (66:19), along with Javan, and by Ezekiel (27:13), along with Meshech, among the traders with Tyre, also among the confederates of Gog (Ezek. 38:2, 3; 39:1), and with Meshech among the nations which were to be destroyed (32:26). This nation was probably the Tiberini of the Greek historian Herodotus, a people of the Asiatic highland west of the Upper Euphrates, the southern range of the Caucasus, on the east of the Black Sea.", "source": {"label": "Matthew Easton, Illustrated Bible Dictionary (1897)", "url": "/encyclopedia.html?ref=Tubal", "ref": "Tubal", "authority_tier": "external_aligned"}, "shelf": "dictionary", "box": "easton_person_q_t", "bands": ["easton", "bible_dictionary", "person"], "connections": [{"to_card_id": "card_n_9ec03cc6c734", "relationship": "cites", "via_connection_card_id": "card_c_c81e508f36c3"}, {"to_card_id": "card_n_de6be72e6b25", "relationship": "cites", "via_connection_card_id": "card_c_6725f02d7b02"}], "author": "engine", "created_at": "2026-05-19T13:11:12.333180+00:00", "updated_at": "2026-05-19T19:50:48.663848+00:00", "visibility": "public", "lifecycle_stage": "public", "volatility": "permanent", "metrics": {"paperclips_count": 0, "helpful_count": 0, "not_helpful_count": 0, "cite_count": 4, "walks_through_count": 0, "flagged_count": 0}, "source_hash": "cbf6301948b76584ef10ad51675b7780ba0246dbfc58ae9323ba18f6307e1a75", "witnesses": [{"class": "manuscript_tradition", "label": "Original 1897 publication — Thomas Nelson, London", "ref": "Easton-1897"}, {"class": "republication", "label": "Project Gutenberg — Easton's Bible Dictionary", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45696", "ref": "PG-45696"}, {"class": "republication", "label": "Internet Archive — multiple scans", "url": "https://archive.org/details/eastonsillustra00east", "ref": "IA-Easton"}, {"class": "republication", "label": "CCEL — Easton's Bible Dictionary", "url": "https://www.ccel.org/e/easton/ebd/", "ref": "CCEL-Easton"}, {"class": "republication", "label": "Blue Letter Bible — searchable Easton's", "url": "https://www.blueletterbible.org/study/easton/", "ref": "BLB-Easton"}], "witness_status": "passed", "witness_status_reason": "5 witnesses across 2 independence classes: ['manuscript_tradition', 'republication']", "surface": "secular"}