{"id": "card_n_c4309b89f781", "kind": "note", "title": "Easton: Ham", "body": "Warm, hot, and hence the south; also an Egyptian word meaning “black”, the youngest son of Noah (Gen. 5:32; comp. 9:22, 24). The curse pronounced by Noah against Ham, properly against Canaan his fourth son, was accomplished when the Jews subsequently exterminated the Canaanites. One of the most important facts recorded in Gen. 10 is the foundation of the earliest monarchy in Babylonia by Nimrod the grandson of Ham (6, 8, 10). The primitive Babylonian empire was thus Hamitic, and of a cognate race with the primitive inhabitants of Arabia and of Ethiopia. (See ACCAD.) The race of Ham were the most energetic of all the descendants of Noah in the early times of the post-diluvian world.", "source": {"label": "Matthew Easton, Illustrated Bible Dictionary (1897)", "url": "/characters.html?search=Ham", "ref": "Ham", "authority_tier": "external_aligned"}, "shelf": "dictionary", "box": "easton_person_e_h", "bands": ["easton", "bible_dictionary", "person"], "connections": [{"to_card_id": "card_n_c51727e24dd9", "relationship": "same_section", "origin": "nesting_2026_06_12"}, {"to_card_id": "card_n_be070532ea86", "relationship": "same_section", "origin": "nesting_2026_06_12"}, {"to_card_id": "card_spine_words", "relationship": "member_of", "evidence": "a member of the dictionary shelf in the keeping"}], "author": "engine", "created_at": "2026-05-19T13:11:10.513064+00:00", "updated_at": "2026-05-19T19:50:45.818326+00:00", "visibility": "public", "lifecycle_stage": "public", "volatility": "permanent", "metrics": {"paperclips_count": 0, "helpful_count": 0, "not_helpful_count": 0, "cite_count": 0, "walks_through_count": 0, "flagged_count": 0}, "source_hash": "53948f3a1795c142e2c63e362f8c1946e0e44abe7622939fe99e4b823a44aa9b", "witnesses": [{"class": "manuscript_tradition", "label": "Original 1897 publication — Thomas Nelson, London", "ref": "Easton-1897"}, {"class": "republication", "label": "Project Gutenberg — Easton's Bible Dictionary", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45696", "ref": "PG-45696"}, {"class": "republication", "label": "Internet Archive — multiple scans", "url": "https://archive.org/details/eastonsillustra00east", "ref": "IA-Easton"}, {"class": "republication", "label": "CCEL — Easton's Bible Dictionary", "url": "https://www.ccel.org/e/easton/ebd/", "ref": "CCEL-Easton"}, {"class": "republication", "label": "Blue Letter Bible — searchable Easton's", "url": "https://www.blueletterbible.org/study/easton/", "ref": "BLB-Easton"}], "witness_status": "passed", "witness_status_reason": "5 witnesses across 2 independence classes: ['manuscript_tradition', 'republication']", "surface": "secular", "presentation": {"glyph": "•", "kind_label": "easton person e h", "by": "Matthew Easton, Illustrated Bible Dictionary (1897)", "authority": "external_aligned", "posted": "", "standing": "", "link": {"url": "/characters.html?search=Ham", "host": "", "provider": "", "titled": "Easton: Ham", "waybill_line": "", "reach": "", "embed": ""}}, "neighbors": [{"id": "card_n_c51727e24dd9", "title": "Easton: Heber", "relationship": "same section", "why": "", "href": "/card/card_n_c51727e24dd9", "resolved": true}, {"id": "card_n_be070532ea86", "title": "Easton: Gera", "relationship": "same section", "why": "", "href": "/card/card_n_be070532ea86", "resolved": true}, {"id": "card_spine_words", "title": "The Dictionary & Thesaurus", "relationship": "on the shelf of", "why": "a member of the dictionary shelf in the keeping", "href": "/card/card_spine_words", "resolved": true}]}