Galileo Before the Inquisition

Astronomer whose telescope shows what doctrine had ruled out; argues Copernicus publicly; tried by the Inquisition; publicly recants under threat; spends the rest of his life under house arrest, continuing to work. Failure mode: Recanted under coercion what he knew to be true; later tradition romanticized the moment. Restoration path: Keep working under arrest; the truth was not silenced. Markers: sees what doctrine forbids; publishes anyway; tried by the authority; recants under coercion; work continues under arrest — Galileo Before the Inquisition, Italian, 1564-1642 (History)